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Encroachment in a real estate term that refers to an invasion of private property rights. It's typically a literal, physical invasion: a structure or piece of infrastructure owned by one person that sits on or crosses the property line of another's.
Encroachments can be as small as a garden bed planted along a fence or as large as an entire house addition jutting into a yard. They can be intentional or unintentional. Either way, they can affect property values and impede home sales.
Often occurring along disputed or indistinct property lines or boundaries, encroachment happens when one homeowner constructs or extends a structure or feature on a neighbor's lot or land, thus violating that neighbor's property rights. An encroachment is any use of a neighboring property, usually within the bounds of a property line.
Generally referring to a fixture or object, "encroachment" sometimes refers more loosely to invasive behavior or property use (parking, gardening, storing trash cans, etc.), though strictly speaking, this is a different type of trespass (see "Encroachment vs easement" below).
Common examples of encroachment include:
"Encroachment" sometimes gets conflated with "easement," another real estate reference. Both terms do deal with people making use of a property they don't own, extending their rights to a degree.
However, while encroachment indicates unauthorized use, an easement refers to an agreed-upon use. Easements are rights of way established by the owner of property that allow people to use it or access it, or pass through it without harming it. Common examples of easements include a homeowner permitting a neighbor to cut across their backyard to get to the bus stop or to let a vegetable patch straddle the joint property line.
Encroachment happens for a variety of reasons. One is that it's relatively easy to do. Property boundaries are usually clearly marked - but on maps and blueprints, not in people's minds. Shifts or erosions in land, the buildup of vegetation, and the passage of time itself can figuratively and even literally erode a sense of whose lot begins where.
Or a home may be built in a place where there are no clear property lines and the newcomer might, in good faith, assume that their property extends to the street or not realize that part of their residence, or the swimming pool they put in, is on the neighboring property.
In short, many encroachments are inadvertent. Others, however, are not. Whatever the reason, they can make for nasty neighborly relations.
First and foremost, encroachment can be a nuisance. It may involve physical obstacles like fences or shrubbery or sheds that impede the owner's enjoyment or use of their land. It can also be a safety concern, or lead to increased costs for upkeep - like overgrown trees whose trespassing branches constantly drop leaves, fruit or nuts into the yard, necessitating hiring someone to sweep them up.
Next, encroachment can cause property values to decline. It can damage the physical integrity or appearance of a home, or shrink the livable space or grounds - effectively reducing the overall size of the property. These things all adversely affect the appeal of the home, along with its intrinsic worth.
And that, in turn, can impact the homeowner's ability to price and sell the residence. A potential buyer would probably have concerns about the problems they could face with neighbors after they purchase the property. And their fears would not be just psychological.
If left unchecked or unaddressed, encroachments can turn into more serious issues, with legal consequences. Let someone use a property long enough, and though never officially authorized, their behavior could become legal, as if you had granted permission - something called a prescriptive easement or gaining title by adverse possession.
Or the longstanding encroachment could be seen as an encumbrance, a financial claim or a right that a non-owner has on a property of another. Encumbrances can cloud property titles. Buyers tend to shy away from homes without clear titles - it can be grounds for getting out of a purchase - and mortgage lenders don't like them either. In a worst-case scenario, a loan applicant could lose their lender's approval after the encroachment is discovered, meaning they may not be able to purchase the house after all.
Encroachment can be tricky to deal with. But several options exist, in escalating degrees of formality.